University Spin-off Policies and Economic Development in Less Successful Regions: Learning From Two Decades of Policy Practice
Discussions in the paper suggest that university spin-off companies may bring fewer of the economic development benefits attributed to them beyond the specific sites in which the theories were developed.
Link
http://www.diw.de/deutsch/produkte/veranstaltungen/Regionalization_Innovation-Policy_Conf2004/papers/Benneworth.pdf