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Recent Papers from the Fed Touch on Tech-based ED
Cleveland Fed: "Innovation, Growth, and Economic Policy in an Environment of Change,"
At a time when manufacturing jobs are relenting to the pressures of an expanded service sector, foreign competition and productivity growth, the idea of economic prosperity has a renewed urgency with innovation as the greatest strength and flexibility the greatest asset, argues a new report from the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.
In the 20-page essay portion of its 2003 annual report, Growth and Economic Policy in an Environment of Change, the fourth federal reserve bank district sets forth to answer, “What is the source of economic prosperity?” The report examines innovation's role in economic development, reviewing the theories that have shaped the nation's economic history with an eye on current and future challenges.
The Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland 2003 Annual Report is available at: http://www.clevelandfed.org/Annual03/index.cfm
Women Entrepreneurship Special Focus of May '04 Minneapolis Fedgazette
Higher levels of confidence, the desire for independence, and the increasing number of female college graduates have lead to a boom in women-owned businesses, according to a series of three articles in the May 2004 Minneapolis fedgazette.
I am Woman, Hear My Business Roar, explores the growth rate of women-owned businesses within the past decade and its effect on the economy. Women today own at least 50 percent stake in approximately 10 million businesses, employing 18 million people, the article states. The geographic standpoint of rural and urban areas having an effect on future entrepreneurship is reviewed as well.
Gender differences in style, motivation and expectations of business are examined in Business is open on Venus. Lifestyle is cited as a major factor for women entrepreneurs. A study cited within the article concludes that women choose to be entrepreneurs for career flexibility and family-friendliness, while men are more concerned with wealth and opportunities.
The final article looks at the institutional and cultural barriers of the past that women entrepreneurs have had to overcome. Running the Gauntlet showcases examples of these hurdles through individual cases of the past and present.
The Spring issue of the fedgazette is available from the Minnesota Federal Reserve Bank at: http://minneapolisfed.org/pubs/fedgaz/04-05/