SSTI Digest

A partnership between U.S. universities, research centers, private sector corporations, and Indian institutions recently was formed to improve engineering education in India and offer U.S. faculty the opportunity to collaborate with Indian researchers.

Universities UC Berkeley, UC San Diego, Carnegie Mellon University, Cornell University, the State University of New York at Buffalo, and Case Western Reserve University are joining with Indian institutions led by AMRITA University, along with the government of India and the country's Department of Science and Technology. Private sector partners QUALCOMM Inc., Microsoft Corporation, and Cadence Systems, Inc. are funding the program.

Partisan politics take a back seat when the nation's governors talk about the need for stronger national innovation policies. Ample proof of this is offered policy position statements approved at the two most recent meetings of the Western Governors' Association and the National Governors Association.

Both resolutions call for increased federal support of basic research. The Western Governors' Association, representing 18 states, American Samoa, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, also called for Congress to make the federal R&D tax credit permanent, to provide more funding for science and math education, and to help level international tax policies to encourage domestic investment.

The yearly dollar amount of research and experimentation (R&E) tax credit claims grew twice as fast as company and other nonfederally funded R&D expenditures between 1990 and 2001, a new National Science Foundation (NSF) InfoBrief reports. In contrast, direct federal funding for industrial R&D declined through much of the 1990s, both in absolute terms and relative to industry-funded R&D.

The InfoBrief considers R&E tax credit data from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and R&D funding data from NSF's annual Survey of Industrial R&D. For 2001, the latest year for which data are available, U.S. corporate claims for the R&E tax credit totaled approximately $6.4 billion ($6.2 billion in 2000 constant or inflation-adjusted dollars), compared with a high of $7.1 billion in 2000.

As most practitioners know, measuring progress for tech-based economic development efforts can be difficult given the long lead time necessary for most research investments to yield results. Consequently, many programs rely on interim measures to evaluate a policy or program's impact. Still others use input measures such as amount of money distributed through a particular program, the number of grants made, the number of companies involved, or the amount of money leveraged by the state's investment. Unfortunately, none of those measures provide much insight on a program's true impact.

A new assessment of the National Science Foundation's efforts to attract underrepresented population groups into science, technology and math (STEM) fields provides an example of the difficulty programs have assessing interim progress.

Do women shy away from competition? Do men compete too much? In a recent working paper published by the National Bureau of Economics Research (NBER), economists Muriel Niederle and Lise Vesterlund answer yes to both questions after measuring performance and preferences of men and women in a controlled environment.

Niederle and Vesterlund test individuals on their ability to add sums where payments benefit high-performing individuals who select a competitive "tournament" scheme rather than a per-piece payment. More than half of the women select the noncompetitive option, even when they would have likely garnered more earnings under the tournament. Conversely, twice as many men chose the tournament even when past performance indicated the likelihood of no earnings under this choice.

A community essentially has two options for strategies to diversify its economic base: traditional economic development or technology-based economic development (TBED). The traditional approach of recruiting or inducing companies to relocate to their community from elsewhere creates an atmosphere of competition, rivalry and one-upmanship among cities and regions as they bid to buy firms' location decisions. Often, it is also difficult for small and mid-sized communities to compete on these terms. The result, particularly with large manufacturing facilities, can be publicly financed incentive packages that may prove economically more expensive to a community than the benefits promised by the new development. Increasingly, economic development professionals are learning those promised jobs may never fully materialize.

Since passage of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, universities across the country have established transfer technology offices to assist in commercializing academic inventions. Efforts to transfer university inventions to the market continue to be a difficult proposition, with less than a third of disclosed inventions resulting in license. Start-ups garner only one in eight licenses.

Many community and economic development professionals believe the report released last Tuesday should have predated the President's 2006 Budget to consolidate or eliminate 18 federal programs used by most parts of the country to support growth and well-being (see the Feb. 14 issue of the Digest). Among those targeted in the move are the Community Development Block Grants (CDBG) and the entire Economic Development Administration (EDA) slate of grant programs. What was proposed in the Administration's budget request was a smaller program called Strengthening America's Communities Initiative, or SACI for short.

Coming off the heels of the state legislature's approval of a new Emerging Technologies Fund (see the June 13 issue of the Digest), Gov. Rick Perry announced last Saturday that Texas would provide a $50 million grant to establish the Texas Institute for Genomic Medicine (TIGM). The Emerging Tech Fund remains untouched, however, as the $50 million will be taken out of the original $295 million appropriated for the governor's discretionary Texas Enterprise Fund.

The nonprofit TIGM is a collaborative effort between the Texas A&M University System and Lexicon Genetics, a private technology firm located in Woodland, Texas, north of Houston. Lexicon will receive $35 million of the grant to create two copies of its library of 350,000 mouse stem cell lines for use by TIGM to identify new drugs for combating human diseases.

Incubators provide an integral and flexible component of many communities' tech-based economic development efforts. When successful, business incubators can provide a focal point for encouraging entrepreneurship in even the smallest cities and metropolitan areas. Ample evidence is presented in the latest survey of incubators supported through the multifaceted $35 million Entrepreneurship Initiative of the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC).

Since 1978, ARC has made 108 grants totalling more than $17 million for business incubation projects. Using 2004 data gathered from 76 of the 85 known incubators in the region, the report summary yields:

For the second year in a row, the Maryland Technology Development Corporation (TEDCO) was the most active source of early-stage or angel capital, according to the July issue of Entrepreneur magazine. The list of the top 100 funds, based on number of deals made during 2004, is based on the results of the quarterly MoneyTree survey published by PricewaterhouseCoopers, Thomson Venture Economics and the National Venture Capital Association (NVCA).

Forty-six of the venture capital sources on the list are from California; 17 are from Massachusetts. Some of the well-known angel organizations, such as Tech Coast Angels, Band of Angels and the Angels Forum and the Halow Fund (all from California), were in the top firms with 7-8 deals.

In signing the state budget last Thursday, Wisconsin Gov. Jim Doyle approved spending $5 million for two new programs supporting agricultural and forestry bio-based industrial development. Bio-based industries convert the carbohydrates in plants into fuels, polymers, fabrics, and other chemicals. Advocates for bio-based fuels industries argue every function now served by petro-chemicals also can be more simply, safely and sustainably served by bio-chemicals.

As part of the governor's new biobased initiative announced in June, the two newly funded programs include: